Which of the following loads require a special permit?

Oversized or overweight loads require a special permit due to their dimensions or weight exceeding the legal limits established by transportation regulations. These regulations are in place to ensure safety on the roads, as oversized loads can pose risks to other vehicles and require additional considerations, such as requiring pilot vehicles for escort, specific routes to avoid obstacles like bridges and overpasses, and possibly restrictions on travel times.

In contrast, standard loads, empty loads, and normal vehicle loads are generally accommodated within the existing regulatory framework without the need for special permits. These types of loads fall within set parameters that do not compromise safety or infrastructure. Thus, while they may still require adherence to road safety practices, they do not trigger the same need for permits that oversized or overweight loads necessitate.